10. American Express: Joe Costa (JD/MBA 2016) and Jeff Cui (JD/MBA 2017) — BSSE Research Paper

“It’s a funny feeling to find yourself talking about JP Morgan and calling them 'low-end', but such is the nature of disruptive innovation: as a theory of competition, the labels it employs are relative, not absolute. In the credit card industry, American Express is the undisputed incumbent, leaving JP Morgan to be labeled as the low-end disruptor with their Chase Sapphire credit card, as noted by JD/MBA students Joe Costa (2016) and Jeff Cui (2017) in their final paper for BSSE, Clay Christensen’s course at the Harvard Business School.